Resources
Publication library.
Peer-reviewed evidence.
Peer-reviewed research featuring Gii, from our own team and from groups working with Gii electrodes worldwide. Search by title, author, keyword or application.
38 publications
- 2026
Chemiluminescence Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide with a Polymer of an Intrinsic Microporosity Solid State Emitter
Supharada Phokhabut; Tinakorn Kanyanee; Michael Zachariadis; Silvia Martinez Micol; Philip J. Fletcher; Mariolino Carta; Dominic Taylor; Neil B. McKeown; Marco Caffio; Oliver Matys; Frank Marken
ACS Applied Polymer Materials 8 (2026), 7657–7667.
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Chemiluminescence
- Polymer of intrinsic microporosity
- Graphene foam
- Solid-state emitter
- 2026
Electroactive 3D Porous Graphene Foam Impedimetric Biosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of MCF-7-Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Human Serum
Michael Robert Furness; Ashish Kalkal; T. Wardlaw; J. Valli; S. C. Baral; Pablo Lozano-Sanchez; Marco Caffio; et al.
Advanced Materials Technologies (2026). First published 11 Jul 2026.
- Extracellular vesicles
- Graphene foam
- Impedimetric biosensor
- Human serum
- Cancer biomarkers
- 2026
Flexible supercapacitors powering sustainable future: fundamentals, emerging low dimensional materials and current-prospective applications
Qaisar Abbas; Emma Keel; Des Gibson; Marco Caffio; Sining Yun; Rizwan Raza
Journal of Energy Storage 178 (2026), 123506.
- Low dimensional materials
- Energy storage devices
- Flexible supercapacitors
- High power applications
- Flexible and wearable electronics
- 2026
Graphene foam biosensors for molecular diagnostics of antimicrobial resistance and emerging pathogen threats
Kayla Yinmiao Wang; Holger Schulze; Pablo Lozano Sanchez; Marco Caffio; Till T. Bachmann
Biosensors and Bioelectronics 311 (2026) 118948. Available online 22 Jun 2026.
- Graphene foam
- Peptide nucleic acid
- Antimicrobial resistance
- Molecular diagnostics
- Rapid functionalisation
- 2026
Live Demonstration: iGii Sensors for Real-Time Finger Tracking
Isidoro Ruiz-García; Michael McKinlay; Michelle Ntola; Marco Caffio; Carlos García Núñez
- Finger tracking
- Sensors
- Wearables
- Graphene foam
- Real-time sensing
- 2026
Mediator-free electrochemical ketone sensing enabled by a 3D graphene foam for point-of-care detection in whole blood
Roisin Kelly; Mohan Arjun; Hannah Riddoch; Megan Lee; Calum Doig; Sofia Rodrigues Teixeira; Pablo Lozano Sanchez; Marco Caffio
Electrochemistry Communications 190 (2026) 108223. Available online 10 Jul 2026.
- 3D graphene foam
- Ketone bodies
- Ketoanalysis
- Electrochemical sensing
- 2026
Molecular Sensing with Graphene Foam Electrodes
Oliver Matys; M. Lee; H. Brooks; B. Kersch-Hunt; Philip J. Fletcher; Marco Caffio; Tony D. James; S. C. Parker; Frank Marken
- Graphene foam
- Molecular sensing
- Boronic acids
- Capacitance
- Glucose
- 2026
Rapid electrochemical biosensor with enhanced accuracy and repeatability using Pyrene NHS ester modified 3D graphene electrodes
S. Nazir; D. Jenkins; G. Pan
Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X 29 (2026), 100757. Epub 11 Feb 2026.
- Early detection
- Electrochemical immunosensor
- Graphene foam
- Pyrene-NHS ester
- Tau-217
- 2025
Aspects of Electrochemical Biosensors Using Affinity Assays
Thor Pedersen; Leonid Gurevich; Nils E. Magnusson
Biosensors 15 (2025) 166. Published 4 Mar 2025.
- Biosensor
- Nanomaterials
- Electrochemistry
- Screen-printed electrodes
- Electrochemical labels
- Surface modification
- 2025
Electrochemical Detection of Aβ42 and Aβ40 at Attomolar Scale via Optimised Antibody Loading on Pyr-NHS-Functionalised 3D Graphene Foam Electrodes
Muhsin Dogan; Sophia Nazir; David Jenkins; Yinghui Wei; Genhua Pan
Biosensors 15 (2025) 806. Published 10 Dec 2025.
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Electrochemical biosensor
- Amyloid beta
- 3D graphene foam
- Pyr-NHS
- 2025
Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids Using Three-Dimensional Graphene Screen-Printed Electrodes
Dar Tafazul Islam; Shariat Mobasser; Sruthi Kotaru; Arife Ezgi Telli; Nihat Telli; Alison M. Cupples; Syed A. Hashsham
Chapter 4 in Applied Biofilms (ed. J. Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens: Methods and Protocols / Springer Methods volume as supplied).
- Electrochemistry
- Screen-printed electrodes
- Biomarkers
- Three-dimensional graphene
- Hybridization
- 2025
Electrochemical Immunosensor Using COOH-Functionalized 3D Graphene Electrodes for Sensitive Detection of Tau-441 Protein
Sophia Nazir; Muhsin Dogan; Yinghui Wei; Genhua Pan
Biosensors 15 (2025) 465. Published 19 Jul 2025.
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Tau-441
- Carboxyl-modified graphene foam electrode
- Electrochemical immunosensor
- Biosensor
- 2025
Enhancing antibiotic detection via an aptasensor: the case of ciprofloxacin
Eva Hobeika; Joseph Saab; Souheil Hallit; Isaac-Aaron Morales Frias; Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault; Abdelhamid Errachid
BMC Chemistry 19 (2025) 77.
- Ciprofloxacin
- Aptasensor
- Antibiotic resistance
- Portable potentiostat
- Electrochemical aptamer biosensor
- Screen-printed carbon electrodes
- 2025
Gii Based Fully Integrated and Scalable Handheld Electrochemical Dx Platform for Diabetic Ketoacidosis Monitoring
Y. Bunga; Pablo Lozano Sanchez; Marco Caffio; P. Kanyong; J. Holmes
Electrochemical Society Meeting Abstracts 248, 2909–2909 (2025).
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Handheld diagnostics
- Electrochemistry
- Gii
- Point-of-care
- 2025
Graphene foam interdigitated microband arrays: [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− generator-collector redox processes and prussian blue catalyst attachment
Tingran Liu; James E. Taylor; Pablo Lozano-Sanchez; Calum Doig; Joanne Holmes; Marco Caffio; Philip J. Fletcher; Frank Marken
Electrochimica Acta 541 (2025) 147396. Available online 16 Sep 2025.
- Sensor
- Electrocatalysis
- Resistivity
- Migration
- Porosity
- Prussian blue
- 2025
High-Performance Flexible Primary Cells Based on MnO2-Decorated 3D Carbon Scaffold
G. Casano; Marco Caffio; Pablo Lozano Sanchez; J. Holmes; N. Vyas
Electrochemical Society Meeting Abstracts 248, 916–916 (2025).
- Primary cells
- MnO2
- 3D carbon scaffold
- Flexible batteries
- Energy storage
- 2025
High-performance nanobiosensing technologies for future diagnostic needs
Aldo I. Martinez-Banderas; Anas Malki; Thomas Froehlich; Wolfgang Petrich
Trends in Biotechnology (2025).
- Nanobiosensors
- diagnostics
- multiplexing
- multimodality
- electrical transduction
- photonic transduction
- 2025
Implementation of a simple functionalisation of graphene (Gii-Sens) in the determination of a suitable linker for use in biocatalytic devices
Michael-John Treanor; Pablo Lozano-Sanchez; Yousillya Bunga; Renald Schaub; Marco Caffio
Applied Surface Science 680 (2025) 161426. Available online 5 Oct 2024.
- Glucose sensing
- 3D graphene
- Enzymatic sensor
- Metal-free
- 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
- Device miniaturisation
- 2025
Ionic Liquid (BMIM+BF4−) Reactivity on Graphene Foam Electrodes: Infrared Fluorescence and Raman Monitoring of Reversible Cathodic BMIM+ Intercalation and Exfoliation
Ankita Mahajan; Tingran Liu; Sara E. C. Dale; Philip J. Fletcher; Marco Caffio; Pablo Lozano-Sanchez; Frank Marken
ACS Electrochemistry 1 (2025) 645–654. Published 6 Feb 2025.
- Ionic liquid
- graphene foam electrodes
- intercalation
- exfoliation
- fluorescence
- 2025
Optical second harmonic generation from three-dimensional graphene films for non-linear optics
Emma Keel; Till Weickhardt; Giancarlo Soavi; Marco Caffio; Des Gibson; Carlos Garcia Nuñez
- Three-dimensional graphene
- Second harmonic generation
- Non-linear optics
- Photonics
- 2025
pH effects on graphene foam capacitance induced by adsorption of 1-pyrenemethylamine
Sandrena Steeds; Lucy Parker; Simon M. Wikeley; Benjamin Kersch-Hunt; Marco Caffio; Pablo Lozano-Sanchez; Philip J. Fletcher; Sara E.C. Dale; Tony D. James; Frank Marken
Talanta 292 (2025) 127938. Available online 13 Mar 2025.
- Proton
- pH sensor
- Impedance spectroscopy
- Graphene foam
- Blood serum
- 2025
Sustainable Occupancy Sensing Platform via Triboelectric and Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors
Isidoro Ruiz-García; Emma Keel; Ashwini Konanahalli; Des Gibson; Morteza Amjadi Kolour; Marco Caffio; Hadi Heidari; Carlos García Núñez
Accepted for publication in IEEE Sensors Letters.
- Triboelectric effect
- Piezoresistive effect
- Graphene
- Pressure sensor
- IoT
- 2024
A Machine Learning Assisted Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensor to Detect Urea Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Functionalized with Copper Oxide Micro-Flowers
Jitendra B. Zalke; Manish L. Bhaiyya; Pooja A. Jain; Devashree N. Sakharkar; Jayu Kalambe; Nitin P. Narkhede; Mangesh B. Thakre; Dinesh R. Rotake; Madhusudan B. Kulkarni; Shiv Govind Singh
Biosensors 14 (2024) 504. Published 15 Oct 2024.
- Non-enzymatic
- Urea
- Copper oxide micro-flowers
- Machine learning
- Screen-printed electrodes
- Biomarker
- 2024
One-Step Electrodeposition of Iron Oxyhydroxide onto 3D Porous Graphene Substrates for On Chip Asymmetric Micro-Supercapacitors
Laurence Hardwick; Filipe Braga; Manel Sonni; Gabriel Casano; Harry Finch; Vinod R. Dhanak; Marco Caffio
Batteries & Supercaps 2024, e202400431.
- Pseudocapacitor
- in situ Raman
- iron oxide
- asymmetric devices
- 2024
Photoelectrochemical Performance of Brookite Titanium Dioxide Electrodeposited on Graphene Foam for Portable Biosensors
José L. Bott-Neto; Thiago S. Martins; Gabriel J. C. Pimentel; Osvaldo N. Oliveira Jr.; Frank Marken
ACS Omega. Accepted 6 Dec 2024.
- Photoelectrochemical sensors
- Brookite TiO2
- Graphene foam
- Portable biosensors
- Electrodeposition
- 2024
Potential Broadband photodetector concept based on three-dimensional graphene foam
Emma Keel; Marco Caffio; Des Gibson; Carlos Garcia Nunez
Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 13015, 1301513 (2024).
- Photodetector
- photo response
- graphene
- Raman spectroscopy
- Optoelectronics
- 2024
Pyrene-Appended Boronic Acids on Graphene Foam Electrodes Provide Quantum Capacitance-Based Molecular Sensors for Lactate
Simon M. Wikeley; Jakub Przybylowski; Jordan E. Gardiner; Tony D. James; Philip J. Fletcher; Mark A. Isaacs; Pablo Lozano-Sanchez; Marco Caffio; Frank Marken
ACS Sensors. Received 5 Jan 2024; accepted 22 Feb 2024.
- Graphene foam
- quantum capacitance
- lactate sensor
- wearable sensor
- molecular capacitance
- quantum capacitance
- 2024
Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for detection of salivary cortisol in stress conditions
Atul Sharma; Alia Wulff; Ayanna Thomas; Sameer Sonkusale
Microchimica Acta 191:103.
- Cortisol
- Human saliva
- Electrochemical immunosensor
- Graphene foam
- Modified electrode
- Differential pulse voltammetry
- 2023
Electrodeposition of manganese dioxide coatings onto graphene foam substrates for electrochemical capacitors
Filipe Braga; Gabriel Casano; Luke M. Daniels; Marco Caffio; Laurence J. Hardwick
Electrochimica Acta 455 (2023) 142433. Available online 18 Apr 2023.
- Birnessite MnO2
- Pseudocapacitor
- In situ Raman
- Charge storage mechanism
- 2023
Highly specific lubricin-lectin electrochemical sensor for glycoprotein cancer biomarker detection
Miaosi Li; Chathurika Abeyrathne; Daniel P. Langley; Luke R. Cossins; Anushka N. Samudra; George W. Green; Simon E. Moulton; Saimon M. Silva
Electrochimica Acta 457 (2023) 142508.
- Lubricin
- Lectin based biosensors
- Glycomics analysis
- T antigen
- Tn antigen
- Cancer monitoring
- 2023
Non-covalent π–π functionalized Gii-sense® graphene foam for interleukin 10 impedimetric detection
Isaac A. M. Frias; Nadia Zine; Monique Sigaud; Pablo Lozano-Sanchez; Marco Caffio; Abdelhamid Errachid
Biosensors and Bioelectronics 222 (2023) 114954. Available online 30 Nov 2022.
- Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
- Graphene foam
- Chemisorption
- Interleukin 10
- Label-free detection
- Pyrenes
- 2023
Polymer indicator displacement assay (PIDA) with boronic acid receptors on graphene foam electrodes for self-optimised impedimetric lactic acid determination
Simon M. Wikeley; Pablo Lozano-Sanchez; Marco Caffio; Tony D. James; Frank Marken
Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 377 (2023) 133089. Available online 30 Nov 2022.
- Lactic acid
- Voltammetry
- Impedance spectroscopy
- Electron transfer
- Serum
- Sweat
- 2023
Three-dimensional graphene foam based triboelectric nanogenerators for energy systems and autonomous sensors
Emma Keel; Ammara Ejaz; Michael Mckinlay; Manuel Pelayo Garcia; Marco Caffio; Des Gibson; Carlos García Núñez
Nano Energy 112 (2023) 108475.
- 3D graphene
- Triboelectric nanogenerator
- Energy harvesting
- Self-powered sensors
- 2022
Biofabrication of multiplexed electrochemical immunosensors for simultaneous detection of clinical biomarkers in complex fluids
Sanjay S. Timilsina; Mohanraj Ramasamy; Nolan Durr; Rushdy Ahmad; Pawan Jolly; Donald E. Ingber
medRxiv preprint, posted 22 Mar 2022
- Electrochemical biosensor
- Fabrication
- Surface chemistry
- Hematocrit
- Multiplexing
- 2022
Polymer indicator displacement assay: electrochemical glucose monitoring based on boronic acid receptors and graphene foam competitively binding with poly-nordihydroguaiaretic acid
Simon M. Wikeley; Jakub Przybylowski; Pablo Lozano-Sanchez; Marco Caffio; Tony D. James; Steven D. Bull; Philip J. Fletcher; Frank Marken
Analyst, 2022, 147, 661–670. Published 19 Jan 2022.
- Glucose monitoring
- boronic acid receptors
- graphene foam
- polymer indicator displacement assay
- electrochemical sensing
- 2022
Polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) enhances hydrogen peroxide production at Gii-Sens graphene foam electrodes
Maisa Azevedo Beluomini; Yu Wang; Lina Wang; Mariolino Carta; Neil B. McKeown; Simon M. Wikeley; Tony D. James; Pablo Lozano-Sanchez; Marco Caffio; Nelson Ramos Stradiotto; Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni; Frank Marken
Electrochemistry Communications 143 (2022) 107394. Available online 17 Nov 2022.
- Graphene
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Generator–collector voltammetry
- Disinfection
- Catalysis
- 2022
Ultra-Thin Graphene Foam Based Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors for Robotics
Connor I Douglas; Carlos Garcia Nuñez; Marco Caffio; Des Gibson
- Piezoresistive
- graphene foam (GRF)
- PDMS
- robotics
- 2021
Development of flexible and high sensitivity graphene foam based pressure sensors
Connor Iain Douglas; Carlos Garcia Nuñez; Des Gibson; Marco Caffio
Proceedings of the 2021 13th Spanish Conference on Electron Devices (CDE), IEEE, pp. 141–144. Published 25 Jun 2021.
- Graphene foam
- Pressure sensor
- Flexible sensor
- PDMS
- Resistive sensing
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